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2 ISNAR 2 FAO (2000) projections indicate that the world's population in 2030 may vary between 7.4 and 8.85 billion. In this sense, we are not talking about the "poorest of the poor," nor about urban or rural nonagriculturist poor communities. In this Briefing Paper, we focus on subgroups of communi-ties able to take advantage of biotechnology innovations. 1 There are several views as to what constitutes poverty. The purpose of the project is to quantify and qualify the actual or potential impact of agricultural biotechnology on the livelihood of rural farmers in developing countries, to improve the institutional capacity in developing countries to conduct this kind of research, and to generate first-hand information from selected study sites. These contributions became part of the proposed project "Biotechnology and Sustainable Livelihoods-Examining Risks and Benefits," which will be implemented jointly by ISNAR, the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), and other cooperating international and national organizations. Participants also defined selection criteria to identify future case studies examining the impacts of biotechnology on the livelihood of poor producers in developing countries. The consultation introduced the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, developed by the UK Department for International Development (DFID), to further assess agricultural biotechnology inputs. In June 2001, ISNAR's Biotechnology Service (IBS) organized a consultation meeting for research scientists, centers of the Consultative Group on International Agriculutural Research (CGIAR), and donor and development agencies, to analyze various approaches and discuss case studies regarding the socioeconomic impact of biotechnology on the poor 1 in developing countries. It is therefore suggested to adopt okra-chickpea or marigold-chickpea or chilli refuge cropping systems with Bt cotton for higher production and greater economic benefits. Significantly higher seed cotton yield (1637 kg/ha) was recorded in Bt cotton + Okra-chickpea refuge cropping system, Bt cotton + marigold-chickpea refuge cropping system (1612 kg/ha) and Bt cotton + chilli refuge cropping system (1526 kg/ha) than in Bt cotton+ non-Bt cotton refuge cropping system (1240 kg/ha) and Bt cotton + pigeon pea refuge cropping system (1215 kg/ha). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with five cropping systems : 80 % Bt cotton + 20% non Bt cotton, 80% Bt cotton + 20% marigold-chickpea, 80 % Bt cotton + 20% Okra-chickpea, 80% Bt cotton + 20% chilli and 80% Bt cotton + 20% pigeon pea as treatments with four replications in replacement series. The introduction of Bt maize in the region is likely to require complementary changes in maize markets and technology in order to boost profitability.Ī field experiment was conducted at The Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad for two consecutive years (2004-06) to identify and evaluate the suitable refuge crops/cropping systems for Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) resistance management in Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivation. If Malian maize producers were charged the same technology premium as South African producers, the model found that adoption would be less than 10%. The model found that the adoption of Bt maize was weaker than Bt cotton. At a technology premium of $60 per hectare, where seed company revenue is maximized, Malian producer would capture 74% of the benefits and the seed company would capture the other 26%. For Bt cotton, the benefits would primarily accrue to producers. Results from an economic model indicate that the potential economic impacts to West African consumers and producers would be significant, potentially reaching $89 million in an average year. Since farmers rotate cotton and maize in three-year rotations, the analysis considered the introduction of both Bt cotton and Bt maize. An economic model was developed to predict the economic impacts to consumers and producers from the introduction of Bt crops in the smallholder cotton farms of Mali. This paper reports on the positive aspects of introducing biotechnology in Africa. Opponents of biotechnology cite concerns over the scientific boundaries and potential North-South domination that transgenic crops could bring.
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Africa has been slow to respond to biotechnology even as its pest management grows increasingly obsolete and insects remain a major adversary of its farming.